The beet moth, Scrobipalpa ocellatella is recognized as a widespread agricultural pest. Cold hardiness strategy of the beet moth larvae was investigated through monitoring seasonal changes at supercooling POINTs and lower lethal temperatures. Furthermore, the role of microhabitat in winter survival was studied. The mean SCPs of the last instar larvae was not significantly different from November 2010 to April 2011. Mean INOCULATIVE FREEZING POINT(-8.0±1.44oC) of the last instar larvae was significantly higher than mean SCP (-14.9± 0.93oC). The cold hardinessof the pest shows seasonal fluctuation in response to reduction of air temperature. A 50% mortality (LT50) occurred at -11oC in November and -14oC in January and reduced to -18oC in February and finally increased to -14.5oC in April.Glycerol, sorbitol, trehalose, and myo-inositol were identified components in whole body extracts of S. ocellatella larvae. However, total cryoprotectants could not have significant effects on the cold tolerance. Larvae of S. ocellatella could tolerate subzero temperatures near their SCPs. Our findings show that beet moth larvae utilize moderately chilltolerance strategy during winter.

Different kinds of FREEZING-POINT regulators were evaluated to expand the FREEZING POINT zone of large yellow croaker, and several treatment methods such as ordinary atmospheric pressure, vacuum environment and injection during the process of penetration were compared to reveal the relationship of diffusion velocities, diffusion time and FREEZING POINT of the large yellow croaker. Results obtained for ideal FREEZING-POINT regulators were as follows: Sodium chloride 2.5% (w/w), trehalose 2.5% (w/w) and edible alcohol 2.0% (w/w), which could decrease the FREEZING POINT from -1.5 oC to -4.2oC. Comparing with atmospheric pressure or vacuum degrees treatment, using injection method to deal with the FREEZING-POINT regulators could decrease the FREEZING POINT in a short time and benefit the meat quality.

Liens tolerate environmental stresses utilizing is one of the applicable technologies in sustainable agriculture. Since occurrence of a suitable winter for studing and selection of cold/frost resistance on breeding materials is one year out of ten, therefore laboratory methods complementing field data provide a reasonable solution for this propose. This research was conducted in Khorasan Agri. Res. Center. Mashhad. Using RCBD in three replications during 1380-81. Treatments consisted of twenty promising genotypes of uniform regional yield trail (cold area). Genotypes suits low temperature regions will be introduced based on generated results from this investigation. Using crown FREEZING method, experimental genotypes were treated with -20. C temperature under controlled conditions. Survival percentage was computed. Results indicated that genotypes No.9 (C-78-9) and No.7 (C-78-7) had highest (98.33%) and lowest (66.67%) survival percentage respectively. The minimum Crown Moisture Content was detected in line No. 9 (C-78-9) and there was no significant difference for the same trait between genotype No.7(C-78-7) and other superior genotypes. A high negative correlation (r=-0.701) was observed between survival percentage after exposing to frost and crown moisture content. Ear primordia development stage was one of the characters which had also a significant correlation with survival percentage (r=-0.619). Significant correlation between survival percentage and days to heading (r=-0.207) and days to physiological maturity (r =-0.028) was not observed. Correlation between survival percentage and collected cold damage data from experimental fields over five low temperature regional stations was highly significant (r=0.416), therefore it may be concluded that Crown FREEZING Method and subsequent computing of survival percentage is a reliable method for estimating wheat frost/cold tolerance in natural conditions.

Introduction: Pure water freezes at zero degrees of Celsius. By dissolving any material in the water its FREEZING POINT will be decreased, similar to water, some ingredients of milk such as lactose, ion Chlorides decreases the FREEZING POINT. The main factors affecting the FREEZING POINT of milk are: added water during milking and gathering, high microbial load, mastitis, adulteration including the addition of Ionizable materials for example salt and etc.Objectives: To determine the average bovine milk FREEZING POINT, the percentage of none-fat-solid (SNF) and elemental mineral content(EMC) at the same time.Materials and methods: This is a descriptive analytical study which was done in Kermanshah province by using 100 milk samples from complete milk of healthy cow in definite time POINT by simple random sampling. The samples transported to laboratory in less than 3 hours, FREEZING POINT of each sample has determinated by calibrated cryoscope, the percentage of SNF and EMC has determinate by calibrated Milk analyzer.Results: beyond standard conditions of milking, collection and immediate testing, results showed that mean FREEZING POINT of milk was -0.519, mean SNF was 8.23 and mean mineral percentage was 0.74.Conclusion: Since the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran in the 4th revision of the pasteurized milk standard (Standard 93) has limited the percentage of SNF of milk to 8 and FREEZING POINT to -0.507 to -0.545, which are not at the same line. Moreover, other factors such as EMC have underestimated, we suggest that the FREEZING POINT of milk without measuring EMC is invalid, and maybe increases of milk adulteration by adding inonizable materials such as salts.

Background and Objectives: Presently there are several methods for determination of the extent of lactose hydrolysis in milk, some of which, despite high precision and reliability, are not used extensively due to their high cost. The objective of this study was to compare effectiveness 3 of such methods, namely, HPLC, FREEZING POINT measurement, and chloramines-T, with a view to finding a suitable and less expensive method.Materials and Methods: The lactose content of skimmed milk samples was measured, followed by treatment for 4 hours with b-galactosidase to hydrolyze lactose and then determining the extent of hydrolysis using the HPLC, FREEZING POINT, and chloramines-T methods.Results: The b-galactosidase exerted its maximum effect during the first 2 hours, resulting in reduction of the lactose content to less than 0.5% of its original value. In the HPLC method, the percentage of relative standard deviation (%RSD) for the milk samples after 2 hours treatment with the enzyme was more than 40% and the reproducibility was not desirable. With regard to the FREEZING-POINT method, after a 2-hour decreasing trend of the FREEZING POINT the rate of decrease slowed down. The FREEZING POINT decreased about -0.274oC after 4 hours, such that for every 1% hydrolysis of lactose the FREEZING POINT decreased by 0.0028oC. Furthermore, no linear relationship was observed between the FREEZING POINT and the rate of lactose hydrolysis at rates higher than 88%. Finally, in the chloramines-T method, it was shown that with increasing lactose hydrolysis, the consumption of sodium thiosulfate decreased the trend slowing down after 2 hours. On the whole, in the preliminary stages of hydrolysis (the first 60%) the amounts of lactose determined by the 3 methods was almost similar, but after that the chloramines-T method gave figures slightly different from those given by the other 2 methods.Conclusions: Since the correlation between the HPLC and the FREEZING POINT methods was very high (r2 =0.9976), it can be concluded that the FREEZING POINT can be recommended as an appropriate, simple, precise and rapid method for the assessment of lactose concentration, as well as determining its hydrolysis extent, in enzyme-treated milk. Furthermore, the chloramine-T method can be said to be suitable for determination of lactose in untreated milks.

This research was conducted to evaluate of inoculated release methods on appropriate isolate of Metarhizium anisopliae for microbial control of the date palm horned beetle (DPHB) Oryctes elegans. Nesting experimental method was used in this study. The nests were includes: minimum, average and maximum inoculate release which used 1, 2 and 4 traps per hectare accordingly, and this daily releasing was continued for three weeks. The results showed; there are significant different at 1 percent level between the efficiency of M. anisopliae in different inoculate releasing methods according theses parameters: Petiole and Bunch injured, number of healthy and infected larvae and adult. The maximum releasing method had highest microbial control on decreasing of DPHB population (larva and adult), also Petiole and Bunch damage. This efficiency was assessed about 90 percent in two years study. Establishment and distribution of M. anisopliae in maximum inoculate release method was higher than other treatments. In this treatment, fungal growth increased from releasing date to 45 days. The results showed that maximum inoculate releasing method, not only had the highest efficiency in control, but also it was suitable considering economical, environmental and sustainability aspects.

Non-cooperative intelligent control agents (ICAs) with dedicated cost functions, can lead the system to poor performance and in some cases, closed-loop instability. A robust solution to this challenge is to place the ICAs at the feedback Nash equilibrium POINT (FNEP) of the differential game between them. This paper introduces the designation of a robust decentralized infinite horizon LQR control system based on the FNEP for a linear time-invariant system. For this purpose, two control strategies are defined. The first one is a centralized infinite horizon LQR (CIHLQR) problem (i.e. a supervisory problem), and the second one is a decentralized control problem (i.e. an infinite horizon linear-quadratic differential game). Then, while examining the optimal solution of each of the above strategies on the performance of the other, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the equivalence of the two problems are presented. In the absence of the conditions, by using the least-squares error criterion, an approximated CIHLQR controller is presented. It is shown that the theorems could be extended from a two-agent control system to a multi-agent system. Finally, the results are evaluated using the simulation results of a Two-Area non-reheat power system.